Good things come to those who wait...

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03/Aug/2026

Most of us expect to feel tired now and again. Life is busy. Between work, family, travel and everything else that fills our calendars, it is hardly surprising that we sometimes run out of steam.

However, there is a distinct difference between feeling tired after a busy week and feeling exhausted all the time.

If you are waking up unrefreshed, relying on coffee to get through the day, or finding that your energy just is not what it used to be, it is worth asking why. Many people put it down to stress, getting older or simply having too much on their plate. Sometimes that is true: but often there is more to the story.

At Formula Health, our award-winning multidisciplinary medical practice does not see fatigue as something to simply “put up with”. We see it as your body’s way of telling you that something deserves a closer look. Through our advanced integrated medicine approach, we combine elite sports diagnostics with personalised clinical care to uncover the root causes of persistent exhaustion.

Why Fatigue Rarely Has a Single Cause

One of the reasons persistent fatigue can be frustrating is that it rarely has a single cause.

Formula Health practitioner reviewing integrated health data and diagnostics

Sometimes it is a vitamin or iron deficiency. Sometimes it is an underactive thyroid. For many women, hormonal changes during perimenopause or menopause can have a profound impact on energy levels. Poor sleep, chronic stress, anxiety, low mood, recovering from a viral illness or underlying conditions such as diabetes can all play a part too.

Often, it is a combination of several factors rather than one obvious problem.

That is why a quick appointment or a standard, surface-level set of blood tests does not always provide the whole picture. Standard reference ranges in conventional medicine can leave patients feeling dismissed when their results fall within broad parameters, yet they still feel profoundly unwell.

Good Medicine Starts with Listening

One of the biggest frustrations we hear from patients is, “My blood tests were normal, but I still don’t feel right.”

Normal results do not always explain how someone feels.

Before arranging any investigations at our clinic, our specialists spend time getting to know you. When did your symptoms begin? Has anything changed recently? How are you sleeping? Are you under more stress than usual? Have your hormones changed? Is your energy affecting your work, exercise or family life?

These conversations matter because they help us decide what needs investigating: and just as importantly, what does not. Our approach prioritises thorough clinical consultation to align diagnostic testing with your lived experience. You can explore our comprehensive range of services on our services page.

Looking Beneath the Surface

If diagnostic investigations are appropriate, we recommend them based on your precise symptoms and medical history, rather than deploying a one-size-fits-all approach.

Depending on your individual circumstances, we may assess areas such as:

  • Iron levels and ferritin status
  • Comprehensive thyroid function panels
  • Specific vitamin and mineral deficiencies (including Vitamin D, B12 and folate)
  • Blood sugar regulation and metabolic markers
  • Hormonal profiles relevant to men and women

The goal is not to order more tests. It is to order the right tests. By utilising targeted diagnostics, we build a clearer, clinically actionable picture of your health.

Formula Health practitioner in consultation assessing personalised medical data

Finding the Right Solution

Once we understand what is contributing to your fatigue, we formulate a treatment plan that is entirely tailored to your biology.

For some individuals, correcting an iron deficiency or optimising thyroid function is enough to make a significant difference. Others benefit from addressing hormone health, improving sleep architectures, managing chronic stress more effectively or making targeted lifestyle and nutritional adjustments. Sometimes, it is a combination of several small, strategic changes that yields the most substantial clinical impact.

There is no one-size-fits-all treatment because there is no one-size-fits-all patient. Our multidisciplinary team works collaboratively to ensure every aspect of your physiological wellbeing is supported under one roof.

Reclaiming Your Vitality

Many people live with fatigue for months: or even years: because they assume it is simply an inevitable part of getting older or leading a demanding life.

It isn’t always.

If you are constantly running on empty, your body may be trying to signal an imbalance. At Formula Health, we take the time to understand what is truly going on beneath the surface, so together we can find the cause: not just manage the symptoms.

A radiant, healthy individual symbolising vitality and biological optimisation

Because good health is not simply about avoiding illness. It is about having the sustained energy to enjoy your life, optimise your performance, and maintain long-term vitality.

If persistent fatigue has become your normal, we would be delighted to help you find out why. Contact our team today to arrange a comprehensive consultation at our practice.


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03/Aug/2026

Magnesium is an essential cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions, yet modern dietary intake and clinical assessments frequently reveal widespread sub-optimal status. Because different magnesium salts exhibit distinct bioavailability, gastrointestinal tolerance, and tissue-specific targeting, selecting the appropriate compound is critical for clinical efficacy.

This guide outlines the pharmacological profiles, clinical evidence, and precise dosing protocols for the eight primary forms of supplemental magnesium, alongside advanced diagnostic considerations at Formula Health.


Quick-Navigation: Find Your Concern


The 8 Types of Magnesium Compared

Advanced clinical supplements and mineral analysis

1. Magnesium Glycinate (Bisglycinate)

  • Primary Indication: Sleep architecture enhancement, anxiety modulation, and general daily repletion.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Bound to the amino acid glycine, this compound is absorbed intact via amino acid transport channels, bypassing competitive mineral absorption pathways. It demonstrates exceptional bioavailability and minimal gastrointestinal irritation. Glycine acts concurrently as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, conferring synergistic calming properties.
  • Clinical Evidence: Supported by trials evaluating sleep latency improvements and neurological relaxation.
  • Dose: 200–400 mg of elemental magnesium daily, administered in the evening.

2. Magnesium L-Threonate

  • Primary Indication: Cognitive optimisation, memory enhancement, and mitigation of cognitive fatigue (“brain fog”).
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Engineered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) specifically to elevate magnesium concentrations within the central nervous system. It uniquely crosses the blood-brain barrier to increase synaptic density and plasticity.
  • Clinical Evidence: Slutsky et al. (Neuron, 2010) demonstrated significant enhancements in learning and working memory via cerebrospinal fluid elevation. (See also Maier et al., 2020). Note that elemental yield per capsule is relatively low (~48 mg per 2,000 mg compound), frequently necessitating combination with secondary formulations.
  • Dose: 1,000–2,000 mg of total compound daily, divided into morning and evening doses.

3. Magnesium Taurate

  • Primary Indication: Cardiovascular support, blood pressure regulation, and management of ectopic heartbeats or palpitations.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Chelated with taurine, an amino acid highly concentrated in cardiac tissue. Taurine modulates intracellular calcium signaling, vascular tone, and myocardial contractility.
  • Clinical Evidence: Demonstrates cardioprotective efficacy through synergistic attenuation of sympathetic nervous system activity and vascular resistance.
  • Dose: 200–400 mg of elemental magnesium daily.

4. Magnesium Malate

  • Primary Indication: Cellular energy production, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and musculoskeletal tenderness.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Bound to malic acid, a key intermediate in the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. Malate directly participates in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis within mitochondria.
  • Clinical Evidence: Abraham & Flechas (J Nutr Med, 1992) highlighted significant reductions in tenderness and pain scores in fibromyalgia cohorts receiving malate supplementation. Morning administration is preferred to support daytime metabolic output.
  • Dose: 200–400 mg of elemental magnesium daily, taken with breakfast.

5. Magnesium Citrate

  • Primary Indication: Acute constipation and rapid restoration of bowel motility.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Bound to citric acid, exhibiting moderate-to-high systemic absorption while exerting an osmotic effect by drawing water into the intestinal lumen.
  • Clinical Evidence: Well-established in gastroenterology for acute repletion and colonic clearance, though higher doses frequently induce loose stools.
  • Dose: 150–300 mg of elemental magnesium, adjusted according to bowel tolerance.

6. Magnesium Oxide

  • Primary Indication: Not recommended for systemic repletion.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Possesses an extremely low systemic bioavailability of approximately 4%. It functions predominantly as a robust osmotic laxative and gastric antacid.
  • Clinical Evidence: Due to poor intestinal uptake and high incidence of osmotic diarrhoea, it represents an inefficient modality for cellular magnesium repletion.

7. Magnesium Chloride

  • Primary Indication: Topical application via transdermal oils, lotions, and balms.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Applied directly to the integumentary system. While widely utilised in athletic recovery, clinical data confirming significant transdermal absorption into systemic circulation remain limited (Gröber et al., 2017).
  • Dose: Applied topically to target muscle groups as required.

8. Magnesium Sulfate

  • Primary Indication: Epsom salt baths for localised musculoskeletal relaxation.
  • Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics: Dissolved in warm bath water. Evidence supporting substantial percutaneous absorption of magnesium ions into the bloodstream remains inconclusive, though warm water immersion provides proven thermal and myofascial benefits.
  • Dose: 2 cups of Epsom salts dissolved in a warm bath for 20 minutes.

Recognising Magnesium Deficiency

Nutritional sources rich in natural magnesium

Sub-optimal magnesium status manifests across multiple physiological systems. Clinical indicators of deficiency include:

  • Neuromuscular cramps and fasciculations
  • Insomnia and fragmented sleep architecture
  • Heightened anxiety and autonomic hyperarousal
  • Cardiac palpitations and arrhythmias
  • Chronic fatigue and diminished exercise recovery
  • Constipation and sluggish gastrointestinal transit
  • Cognitive impairment and executive dysfunction
  • Tension headaches and migraines

Diagnostic Limitations: Serum vs. RBC Magnesium

Standard clinical panels routinely utilise serum magnesium testing. However, serum levels represent less than 1% of total body magnesium, as serum homeostasis is tightly regulated via renal conservation and bone resorption. Consequently, an individual may present with a normal serum magnesium level while experiencing profound intracellular depletion.

Formula Health prioritises Red Blood Cell (RBC) magnesium analysis. RBC magnesium provides a superior clinical reflection of tissue loading over a 90-day erythrocyte lifespan, enabling precise identification of sub-clinical deficiencies.


Etiology of Deficiency in Modern Populations

Systemic depletion arises from a confluence of environmental, dietary, and pharmacological factors:

  • Agrarian Depletion: Intensive monoculture farming and industrial soil exhaustion have significantly reduced magnesium concentrations in staple crops.
  • Water Treatment: Modern municipal water purification frequently strips natural mineral content.
  • Dietary Processing: Refining whole grains removes the germ and bran fractions where magnesium is predominantly concentrated.
  • Chronic Stress: Elevated cortisol and catecholamines accelerate urinary excretion of magnesium.
  • Iatrogenic Factors: Long-term administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and loop or thiazide diuretics impairs intestinal absorption and increases renal clearance.

Dietary Sources

While targeted supplementation corrects established deficits, foundational intake should be supported through whole foods rich in magnesium:

  • Pumpkin seeds: ~262 mg per 30g serving
  • Chia seeds: ~111 mg per 30g serving
  • Almonds: ~80 mg per 30g serving
  • Spinach (cooked): ~157 mg per cup
  • Dark chocolate (70–85% cacao): ~64 mg per 30g serving
  • Avocado: ~58 mg per medium fruit

Pharmacological Interactions & Safety Considerations

Supplemental magnesium requires careful management in patients taking specific medications:

  • Drug Interactions: Separate oral magnesium administration by at least two hours from bisphosphonates, tetracycline antibiotics, and levothyroxine to prevent chelation and impaired drug absorption.
  • Upper Limit Considerations: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and regulatory bodies establish a tolerable upper intake level of 250 mg/day for supplemental magnesium to avoid osmotic laxative side effects, though higher clinical doses are utilised under medical supervision. Contraindications apply to individuals with advanced renal impairment or severe bradycardia.

Precision Healthcare at Formula Health

Advanced multidisciplinary medical care

Correcting nutritional deficiencies requires an evidence-based, individualised strategy rather than generalised supplementation. At Formula Health, our award-winning multidisciplinary medical practice integrates advanced diagnostics: including comprehensive micronutrient profiling and RBC magnesium testing: with expert clinical oversight.

Our practitioners combine elite sports medicine technology with functional medicine to design bespoke supplementation and lifestyle protocols tailored to your exact biological requirements. Explore our tests and analysis services to begin your journey toward optimal human performance.


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05/Jun/2024

Our ability to succeed at most things in life can often come down to one main factor…“Have I got the energy to do this?!” Whatever form that success may look like, whether that’s the energy to take on more responsibility in the workplace, the energy to go out for that run you’ve been meaning to, the energy to finally get that renovation project finished or the energy to spend some quality time playing with your family in the park.

This article explores various different energy systems of the body and breifly discusses how to optimise them.

If you have any questions or concerns about your energy levels or would like to have an exploratory discussion with one of our practitioners, please don’t hesitate to get in touch.

#StayEnergised #HighEnergy #BoostYourEnergy #EnergyTips #NaturalEnergy #EnergyLevels #FeelTheEnergy #EnergyHack  #EnergyJourney #EnergiseYourDay #biohacking #healthoptimisation #integratedmedicine #functionalmedicine #nutrition

 

 




Want to learn more about Nutrigenetic screening?

Read more about the benefits of Nutrigenetic analysis and the wide range of health insights you can gain by visiting the DNA service page on our website where you can download a free information brochure and learn about the 1-to-1 Nutritional Therapist support packages that we offer alongside our test kits.


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29/Mar/2023


Long Covid results in symptoms such as chronic fatigue, brain fog, muscle aches, anxiety, disrupted sleep and can prevent people from going about their daily lives and the ability to live life to the full.


long covid symptoms

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Here at Formula Health, we offer a 6 week multidisciplinary programme to support people with Long Covid. Treatments will include Acupuncture, Kinesiology with Reiki and a one-to-one Qigong session to provide a gentle supportive exercise to do alongside.

In this way, we aim to bring people back to good health.


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The British Acupuncture Council has found that recent studies show acupuncture to be an effective treatment for the symptoms of Long Covid. Acupuncture has an anti-inflammatory action and modulates the immune system.


treatment long covid

Kinesiology uses muscle testing to find imbalances in the body and the most effective way of bringing balance and well-being back, whether it be through emotional and stress release techniques, identifying the best nutritional support, structural realignment, or energy work. Reiki is a healing modality which channels energy into the body so vitality is restored. Reiki is integrated within the Kinesiology treatment; it is a therapy that aims to heal the body as a whole.


long covid impacts

The kinesiology treatment will include testing whether Medicinal Mushrooms are appropriate to take for aiding in recovery. There is increasing research into the benefits and efficiency of medicinal mushrooms supporting the recovery from Long Covid.


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This package includes:

3x Acupuncture appointments

3x Kinesiology & Reiki combined appointments

1x 1-to-1 intro to Qigong session

70x capsules Medicinal Mushrooms known to support those with Long Covid

If you are experiencing symptoms of Long Covid and would like to find out more about the programme contact us at info@formulahealth.co.uk or call 0118 4181825.




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Award-winning multidisciplinary medical practice founded by the first Human Performance Consultant Osteopath in Formula 1.

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